The development of the social security system

The development of the social security system
Is a national social security system according to certain laws and regulations, the workers and other members of the society because of old age, illness, disability and lose labor ability or employment, or by reason of natural disasters and accidents, facing life difficulties, to ensure the basic life of its citizens and material assistance and social services.At present, our country social security system includes: social relief, social welfare, social insurance and social materials and so on four aspects.In the civilized world, the social security system has become a national security intrinsic stabilizer, the development of social and economic growth have far-reaching influence, is also a measure of a nation's progress, and one of the important yardstick of civilization.As a result, almost every country in the world have their own a system of social welfare and social security system.Every person and the social security system are inseparable.The following concrete from the following several aspects about the development of the social security system and the enlightenment to our country's social security system.

The evolution course of the social security system (a) the United States in the early days after foundation of system of Britain's 1601 "Elizabeth poor law" is the problem of the poverty relief by public attention by law.Also became the example to follow, but with the evolution of history made corresponding change.On specific poor policy, the U.S. government put the emphasis on building a batch of adoption and rehab.This has prompted the government and private relief had certain division of labor.These institutions are mainly for the "deserving" or because of the long-term unemployed in need of help, permanent disability, or some obvious poor people can't take care of yourself.And those who have a healthy body, healthy, or "not worth the benefits of" poor people rarely get rescue shelter.During this period, children's welfare homes is the earliest development of aid agency, established in 1824 the U.S. state of New York borstal, it is the first to reform school in American history.Meanwhile the other state aid agencies also arises at the historic moment, such as orphanages, designed for psychiatric patients, people with physical defects, emotional vulnerable people, deaf mute state aid agency service, etc.During that period the United States federal government also issued relevant laws.The federal parliament in 1818 promulgated the independence war pensions act is the first war pensions, it combines the present situation of the pension plan and legal principles to the revolutionary war veterans to provide help and improve their living conditions.Born in Maine Hampton dorothy ? ? Linda's silk, America in the 19th century the first man to struggle for psychiatric patients.In order to improve the poor mental patient has made unremitting efforts.Led many American middle class into the movement of spiritual enlightenment for the poor.In American history is known as the "second religious awakening" marked with the characteristics of the establishment of the thought and the social welfare system.(2) the industrialization of the era of welfare and security system of the 19th century to the 20th century, widespread attention child welfare movement in the United States, revealed a whirlwind.Across the United States in this tornado in a variety of forms.Efforts to the child from the asylum or other similar institutions out looking for family willing to adopt them, for they to make them truly care and love, enjoy the warmth of family.Meanwhile children's court is established in many places, carry out compulsory education, child Labour is forbidden, established the probation system, give the mother a certain benefits to the widow took the child and a series of measures to set up and popularized.

The first American to accept the child welfare agencies of "family love" plan is by lauren ? galbraith as a sponsor, New York children welfare association was established in 1853, then he and his organization committed to children in private "family love" of the family plan.The middle of the 19th century, chaotic, filthy, shelter evil people and practices around the city, everywhere filled with stench.The survival of the whole city is threatened.The United States launched the first national public health campaign.Efforts to build a safe and healthy place to live in the comfortable environment.(3) Roosevelt "New Deal" with the social security system including the establishment of the so-called "New Deal" relief for the poor and the unemployed, recovery industry and agriculture, reform of the banking industry and control investment business, and improve labor relations and other aspects of the policy.Roosevelt's "New Deal" in the emphasis on the role of the federal government.He think: the federal government in the national economy should play a more active role than ever before, even can assume more of the national wealth is distributed fairly and the responsibility of the national income.The Roosevelt administration in the United States for the first time in history to ensure that don't let anyone go hungry responsibility.Social security act 1935, as the cornerstone of the American welfare system.The federal government's social security department is established according to the law, and specifies the social pension insurance includes four aspects: (1) (2) (3) of elderly insurance unemployment insurance (4) for the blind, to support their children and other base of relief.According to the law, the state such as proper pension plan, the federal government can grant aid, to encourage states to establish pension law;Unemployment insurance jointly offered by the federal government and state governments.The federal government to pay wages table of enterprise to the employer to collect unemployment insurance tax, served as a relief fund, unemployment, escrow by state government.Old age insurance gold by the federal government management alone."New Deal" measures has an impact on the national each big class.Workers have the highest minimum wages and working hours legislation and the guarantee of collective bargaining.Depositors and investors for the banking and insurance law promulgated got bigger.Social insurance make old people likely to spend their twilight years.Roosevelt's "New Deal" measures and the implementation of a series of legislation, marked the modern social security system establishment.

The United States the basic content of social welfare policy of gradually improve social welfare policy in the content, formed the three big pillar, namely social security, social public welfare undertakings, and the lowest life to ensure matter.1. Social security is the first pillar of American welfare system.By those who are able to help people deal with the common risk behavior, to protect its citizens from such as disease, disability have wage income of the death of a spouse or guardian, divorce, retirement and other natural and man-made damage.The social security policy mainly refers to the social insurance scheme launched by the government.America's most important social insurance program called OASDHI, it represents the old age, survivors, disability and health insurance.Old age insurance (OAI) is specified in the revision of the social security act of 1951, is America's largest single retirement insurance plan, many americans enjoy the insurance.Survivors insurance (SI) in 1939, is for widowed and children under the age of 18 is a form of insurance.Not only time I can enjoy retirement insurance benefits, and is in after insurant death, their spouses and children can also enjoy the benefit.Disability insurance (DI) in 1956, is for severe disability and loss of working ability of adults to provide insurance;Health insurance (HI), also known as "health care plan", launched in 1968, only a kind of insurance for the elderly.The second pillar is refers to the American welfare system for the national economy to provide the most basic necessities of life and include education, health care, child care, housing and other legal services.The third pillar of American welfare system refers to all countries to the poorest and most vulnerable to damage and loss of residents set minimum material standard of living, to make sure they can live on the minimum living standard, also called "anti-poverty policy".Such as goods, services, and to treat donors to provide labor skills training, etc.However, such a series of welfare and guarantee measures and can eliminate the poverty population in the United States.The poverty of the United States is a serious social problem in the United States.In order to eliminate poverty, the United States government has adopted a series of countermeasures, according to the relief way and the beneficiary is different, this system can be broadly divided into three categories: 1, social insurance.It includes the following three (1) the old man, survivors, health insurance (OASDHI) for the disabled.This program is the certain proportion pay beneficiary's monthly salary as social security, credit funds, wait until after retirement, disability, death, lose labor ability, from the person or the beneficiary to the fund bailed out by the month.(2) the medical care program.This is 65 years old or older are designed specifically for medical care plan.The beneficiary monthly pay medical fees, little can enjoy free medical care.The doctor send the bill of them directly to the federal government cash.(3) the unemployment benefits.The beneficiary during the work, by the month pay unemployment relief credit funds.Once the unemployed can get up to six months of unemployment benefits.2. The insurance relief.As long as the income or assets to below standards can enjoy such relief.Including four: (1) minor children (AFDC) family.Aid object mainly have minor children of poor families.Usually only a parent, and parents lost their job family (common are single mothers and families with a child form).(2) the food stamp program (food m program).The project expenses shall be borne by the federal government completely, but the federal department of agriculture and state and local government common management, social welfare institutions for those earning less than a certain level of unemployment or on-the-job personnel's family.Food stamps are often used for the specified store shelves for free or at a low price to buy basic foods, such as bread, eggs, milk and so on.(3) for the elderly, the blind, etc
Lose labor ability of rescue (SST).This is the federal government to provide help for those who lose labor ability, unified fund-raising and according to the national standards issued by the federal government, states can be appropriately increase according to their own condition.(4) the general public assistance (GPA).This is for those homeless people and not eligible for the above package of assistance to the poor.By state and local government welfare agency management and implementation.3. Physical and service forms of aid.The housing condition of the poor families to donate, medicaid, provide free legal services (limited to civil litigation), free job training, adoption service and child care law procedures, for construction of housing for the elderly, to the economic difficulties of college students low-interest and interest-free loans, provide free lunch for poor children, and so on.

The social security system and social insurance institutions in the United States social security system including pension, medical, unemployment, disability, birth, survivors, security, and social relief projects.(a) endowment insurance system.Different from the traditional Chinese concept of "support", the United States in terms of pension, social security system and social endowment institutions play an important role.America's endowment insurance system is divided into national mandatory insurance, private enterprise pension plan and individual deposit insurance three levels.1. The national compulsory insurance, also known as the legal system of endowment insurance, is in August 1935, the federal government established by the elderly social welfare bill.It is a cornerstone in the multi-level old-age insurance system in the United States.Covers 96% of employment in the United States, it is oriented to the whole society to provide a basic retirement security system.2. Private enterprise pension plan, it is mainly set up by the enterprise, enterprise and worker individual regularly to specific pension management institutions to pay a certain percentage of the capital, after the worker is retired a month can according to the account of the accumulation of the forehead or enterprise pre-ordained pension payments.It belongs to the second level of endowment insurance system, has a history of nearly a century in the United States.It is a supplement to the U.S. government mandatory elderly insurance system, the worker can attend private pension plans, make them enjoy a better life after retirement.3. Individual deposit sex endowment insurance system, and it belongs to the third level of endowment insurance system.It refers to any individual with a tax revenue can have individual retirement account of an individual retirement savings plan.All this endowment insurance is paid by the individual, personal management and enjoy certain preferential tax condition of endowment insurance system.(2) of the medical insurance system.Medical insurance there are two main ways: one is the private health insurance plans, employers provide their employees and their being kucha medical insurance;The second is the government for the elderly, the disabled and some of the poor medicare and medicaid programs.These two types of plans in the funding sources, compensation levels and cost difference in such aspects as payment method.1. Private medical insurance plan.U.S. corporate health insurance until the 80 s of 20 years, basically be reimbursed with the system, the concrete by the semi-official agency orgnaization of blue cross, blue shield.Mainly for the employees by the employer to pay insurance premium, employees can participate in medical insurance depends on whether the employer willing to participate in medical insurance.2. The government sponsored health insurance plan and medical rescue plan.Only for the elderly over the age of 65 and 65, lower than the 65 - year - old disabled and kidney disease patients, divided into two parts: the first part is a mandatory hospitalization insurance, mainly pay () within a prescribed number of days in hospital treatment costs, rehabilitation services and home care after discharge fees, terminal care expenses, etc.;The second part is voluntary supplementary medical insurance, provide ginseng protect personnel to see outpatient fee payments to doctors.

. The medical aid program is jointly organized by the federal government and state governments, is the most poor and low-income families to provide medical and health-related services.(3) the unemployment insurance system.In 1935, in the establishment of a social security system in the same year, authorized states congress to pass legislation to establish the unemployment insurance system.Unemployment insurance program run by the state, the federal government is to formulate some measures to encourage states to establish unemployment insurance system.The unemployed depends on the length of time I work the period of receiving unemployment insurance compensation fixed number of year.The social security of the United States is managed by the government of social insurance agency, mainly is the social security department, the department of labor, human health and human services;Quasi-government nature of insurance institutions, such as blue cross and blue shield, and commercial insurance companies, etc. A lot of different departments.1. The endowment insurance.National mandatory insurance belongs to the first level of insurance, managed by the social security agency.2. Private enterprise pension plans belong to the second level of insurance, the companies or life insurance and asset management company management;Is done by employer units.Private enterprise pension plan reinsurance companies (i.e., regulators) by the labor department management.3. Individual deposit insurance belongs to the third level, is a personal choice such as life insurance companies, investment companies to manage.4. Unemployment insurance.By the federal department of Labour administration, state by Labour and lurking management.5. Disability insurance.Government civil servants of inductrial injury insurance by the labor department management, the enterprise staff of inductrial injury insurance is managed by state department of labor, disability pension by the social security administration management.6. Health insurance.More than 65 - year - old medical insurance by the social security administration management;Civil servants due to work-related injury medical insurance by the labor department management;Enterprise staff medical insurance is mainly composed of blue cross, blue shield two semi-official properties of an insurance company takes, is voluntary.

Life insurance companies.In the United States, the life insurance company in accordance with the social demand design the comprehensive insurance breed formed the different characteristics of the insurance company, involving people's birth, aging, illness, and death, injury and residual, health, tourism and other insurance programs.Four, the characteristics of the social security system (1) of the social security system of the United States is an important aspect of building a harmonious society in the United States.This low standard to ensure treatment coverage is very wide, embodies the principle of social justice.Make people feel the role of the social security safety net, and reduce the burden of the government and enterprises.Provides the security and stability of life for the American people, eased the American market competition class antagonisms, stabilized the capitalist social system in the United States, make the basis of the social sustainable development.(2) of the marketization, socialization of social security system in the United States.America's social security system has changed the original, the traditional way of social security, make towards marketization, socialization of social security system.Have such as the strength of large enterprises provide employees with a good pension and medical insurance treatment, not only reduce the U.S. federal government responsibility in social security, more embodies the comprehensive strength of enterprises, and stability of the staff, for the enterprise to attract talents, to enhance the enterprise cohesive force.(3) the social security program more hierarchical, mainly reflected in the protection of structure, form and type of the project, such as the United States insurance companies insurance breed all-encompassing design, a citizen of the United States no matter rich or poor, you can find suitable for their own insurance program.The multi-level security project not only makes commercial insurance company at the same time of absorbing funds, "provide good services to our customers, and promote the healthy development of the commercial insurance company.(4) the diversification of the social security system.The federal government, state and local governments bear the social security function, profit organizations and non-profit organizations also play its role in the social security system.