Britain and the United States civil service pension insurance development

Britain and the United States civil service pension insurance development
Hubei social sciences 7, 2010
Period, the United Kingdom and the United States civil service pension insurance development course of civil servants pension system refers to the state and society according to the constitution and other basic legal regulations of the state, to provide civil servants after reaching the age limit of remove labor obligations stipulated by the state, the basic life after quit the labor post and establish a social insurance system.Britain and the United States civil service pension system since established, has experienced a long period of time, is a country with a civil service pension insurance system more perfect.Understanding its development process, to the current our country civil servants pension insurance reform has a good reference.1. The British civil servants endowment insurance development.In 1834, the country's law on civil servants retirement security.In 1859 the British national public officials, as the elderly pension act.In 1883, the British government set up to fund other preliminary plans the old people's old-age security, which can provide people with the post office to buy a small pension.But the plan has not been successful.Old problems in the late 19th century early 20th century is one of the main social problem in Britain.In the face of this problem, Joseph chamberlain and others urged to follow Germany implementation similar to bismarck administration issued the elderly and disabled social insurance law ".So the British liberal government in 1908 passed the old age pension act.The law is the enterprise employees for the first time included in the national pension system, the implementation of free of old age pension plan, all the cost borne by the state Treasury, and provides a very demanding enjoy pension conditions: such as enjoy pension age was 70 years old, the beneficiary shall not accept the poor law relief, applicants do not have a criminal record, etc.But as early as the end of the 19th century, Charles booth had weekly wage workers under 1 pound as the poor, so according to this method can get the pension is just a drop in the ocean, just to ease or remove part of the old man's trouble back at home.Enjoy the age of the standards set by and it is higher, therefore is called "the dead pension".1925 widows, orphans, the elderly pay pension act, the bill broke free principle, the elderly pension act of 1908 established three kinds of endowment insurance system: [1] (p49) is to has the qualifications of national health insurance (65 ~ 65 - year - old's pay pension system;2 it is to has the qualifications of national health insurance fee and more than 70 - year - old old man sex without attaching any property survey of pension system;3 it is to do not have qualified people over age 70 national health endowment insurance pension system for free, but this kind of pension provisions with the status of the property survey.Three pension scheme solves the UK pension system reasonably long free sex problem, and solved the to the problems of pension income is low or no income.The second world war, the beveridge report has great influence on the British society, the Labour government proposed to make the national common after world war ii enjoy the welfare, make shouldering the responsibility of guarantee citizens welfare country, gradually will "beveridge report" from ideal to reality, make the British on the path of the welfare state.The family allowances act passed in 1945, the national insurance law "promulgated in 1946, the industrial injury insurance law and the national health service act, passed in 1948, the national relief act the five laws take effect on July 5, 1948 at the same time, the past about all the abolition of the social security legislation, British history famous" the poor law "also came to an end after 300 years, Britain has the most complete social security law system of western countries.Among them, the national insurance law "incorporate public officials and other common all citizens enjoy the same standard of pension system.Later, in 1959 the British established a pension system that is associated with income, along with the implementation of the system, the British established three forms of the pension system, namely the pension system of the same standardAnd associated with income difference pension system and private professional pension system.

Since the 1970 s, the social security system into the predicament.During this period, the UK suffered the worst economic crisis after the war, economic malaise, America, Japan, Germany and other countries with developed countries increasingly widening gap between fiscal emptiness and implementation of public spending on social security form a sharp contradiction, the social security system in trouble.To limit spending on social security, the thatcher government since the mid - 80 - s comprehensive reform of the social security system, in the words of the British is "her welfare system for the destructive, excessive proposed the bravest challenge".In terms of endowment insurance reform, mainly manifested in the following: first, the endowment insurance fund raise aspects: before the reform, the UK is the welfare state, civil servants pension is mainly composed of the government financial burden, USES the pay-as-you-go, since the aging population, the government financial pressure increases.Reformed system in terms of funding basically reflected by the principle of responsibility sharing, by country, unit and individual is collective burden, not only conform to the principles of efficiency, also conform to the principle of fairness.Second, the multi-level old-age insurance system of public servants.Reform before the British civil servants pension system is a single country is responsible for the system, through the reform, the UK has introduced the basic endowment insurance, supplementary endowment insurance and personal savings accumulation of three levels of old-age insurance system.Third, reduce the level of pension benefits.In 1986, the UK has issued the social security act, reduced the level of pension benefits, pension based on the method associated with income pensioners throughout the life of the average income level, rather than the average 20 years the best income level, the national pension income reduced to 20% of the average income, the highest level rather than the 25% of the Labour government period

2. The United States civil service pension insurance development.As early as the end of the 19th century, America has in parts of the retirement pension system.The earliest retirement pension legislation is 1896 in New Jersey the faculty pension act.In 1920 the federal government to build system of retirement for federal workers.The original purpose is to deal with of the federal government as a result of the civil service act of 1883 and redundant labor.Civil servants pension plan is a treatment pensions system (DefinedBenefit, commonly referred to as the DB), according to the length of service of the employees by the federal government and wage levels provide a certain amount of pensions for retirees.Its funded by employee and the employer or the federal government departments jointly pay cost, skimpy share by the federal government financial burden.In the design of civil servants pension plan, employees will get higher annuities treatment for a long time, and short-term employees annuities treatment is much lower.In August 1935, the first comprehensive social security act, marked a relatively complete social security system in the United States.The reference to the European social insurance legislation and practice, to social insurance as the center, includes the content of the social assistance and social welfare.But this will only work in the commercial and industrial 65 elderly retired people over the age of retirement.The limitation of the method is then expands unceasingly.In 1950, the beneficiaries of expanding into the public service, farm workers and civil servants.In 1954, the applicable scope expanded to freelancers like lawyers and doctors.In 1956, social security coverage expanded again, including military service members and other persons own life.During this period, the civil service pension insurance or use, established in 1920, the pension system, namely civil servants and other personnel apply respectively different old-age insurance system.This is mainly because most of the federal government employees have to own their own pension plans.With the passage of time, the coverage of social security system gradually extended to government employees.In 1983, in order to expand the coverage of social security system, to strengthen the system on financial sustainability, congress amended the social insurance

Act, the federal government's new employees include all federal social security program.A change for the federal government civil servants pension system reform has provided an opportunity.New federal employee retirement plans was established in 1987, but includes all federal employees since 1984 to participate in the work.1983 years ago to participate in the work of the federal government employees are still 1920 civil servants pension plan.As a result, the United States the current endowment insurance system is a include as the first pillar of government social security pension, the second pillar of public-sector pensions and the employer pension, the third pillar of personal retirement account annuities, multi-pillar pension insurance system.
The United States civil service pension system in a certain period, to guarantee civil servants life, maintain social stability and economic development has played a positive role.But with the rapid development of economic society and the speeding up of aging population, the endowment insurance system is heavily influenced by the severe challenge and impact.Reform measures is mainly manifested in the following aspects: first, the endowment insurance system for the development of diversified;Second, raise the retirement age, inhibition of early retirement.In 1975 the United States social security advisory committee suggested that raising the retirement age, the 1977 legislation the retirement age gradually rise from 65 to 68 or 65 years old.1983 years later, the delayed rate of social security benefits for retirees also each year to 8% from 3% a year, this not only increase the insurance fund accumulation, and relatively short issue annuities fixed number of year, reduces the cost;[3] third, improve the social security taxes.The endowment insurance fund is the most important source of revenue.In December 1977, President carter signed the largest tax bill in American history, then the Reagan administration to increase the social security payroll taxes to 12.4% again.The Clinton administration to pension levy, and improved the pension contributions.The richest 20% of the pension of taxable pension percentage from 50% to 50%

Ii, the United Kingdom and the United States civil service pension insurance development course the comparative analysis of two countries civil servants endowment insurance development course from the establishment, development and reform of three process in detail, and briefly summarized in the table below, can be summed up the following laws or characteristics: first, the two countries the establishment of the civil service pension insurance usually earlier than other groups.The following table shows that the two countries established civil service pension insurance of the time before the establishment of the endowment insurance in other groups.The UK as early as 1859 to retirement system for civil servants.The United States civil service pension plan was established in 1920, and the whole society pension system set up in 1935.Two countries directly provide generous endowment security treatment for civil servants, safeguard the elderly quality of life.Other groups of old-age security are formed in a certain social environment.Such as elderly British problem in the late 19th century early 20th century to become one of the main social problems, so the government through the old age pension act, but imposes very stringent enjoy pension.The second world war, the influence of the beveridge report, has issued a "national law".The United States during 1929-1933 crisis social unrest began to consider the social security question, is the emergence of the social security act.Secondly, the two countries of civil servants endowment insurance into the unified social endowment insurance.Civil service pension insurance of the two countries is earlier than the social endowment insurance, independent civil servants pension plan in the retirement age, service period, the replacement rate, treatment rate aspects are generous, easy to cause the dissatisfaction of other departments, affect social harmony.Therefore, in the process of continuous development, one after another into the unified social endowment insurance.Such as public sector pension plans in the United States at the second level of the federal government employees' pension system in 1983, after 1984 to participate in the work of the federal employees must attend the pension system, and 1983 years ago to participate in the work of the federal government employees are still applicable, established in 1920, the pension system.

Again, the two countries civil servants endowment insurance has a perfect legal protection.Development from the two countries of civil servants, each stage of policy appears along with the promulgation of the law.The history of the civil service pension insurance system, that is, to establish and perfect the system of endowment insurance of the legislative history.As Britain established at the beginning of the elderly retired act, to the enterprise employees included, the old age pension act to benefit the national insurance law "of the nation, establish a more perfect legal system.The complete legal system for civil servants the smooth implementation of endowment insurance system has played a key role.Finally, the two countries reflect multilayered civil service pension insurance system.In Britain and the United States civil service pension insurance system before the advent of other groups are separate countries responsible for old-age pension plans.In the development and reform, in order to adapt to the needs of social and economic, the current system embodies the multilayered, namely, the basic old-age insurance, compensatory endowment insurance, individual savings accumulation of three levels of old-age insurance system of public servants.